When going backpacking, whether for a weekend or an extended trek like the Appalachian Trail, the key to dressing is layering. The basic pieces of clothing remain the same, but adjustments are made depending on the specific weather and conditions you expect to face.

Layers are essential: The ability to add or remove layers as you regulate your body temperature is crucial. Outdoor experts often emphasize that it's easier to stay warm than to get warm, so maintaining the right layers is key. (For more on this, see our article on Layering Basics.)

Your clothing choices will be influenced by several factors, often requiring some compromises:

• Functionality: Look for fabrics that are moisture-wicking, quick-drying, sun-protective, and antimicrobial to help prevent odors. In areas with pests like ticks and mosquitoes, choosing clothing that provides insect protection is important. Other features to consider include pockets, zippers, hoods, and vents, which can all impact how your clothing performs in different situations.
• Weight vs. Comfort: There's often a trade-off between weight and comfort. Some backpackers may choose to sacrifice additional features to lighten their load, while others may prioritize comfort, even if it means carrying slightly more weight.

Fabric Basics

Here's an overview of the common fabrics used for key layering pieces:

Wool: Once known for being itchy, wool—especially ultra-fine merino wool—is now a popular choice. It is naturally breathable, moisture-wicking, fast-drying, and resistant to odors. Wool is ideal for socks, hats, tees, and base layers. However, it can be expensive, and some people with sensitive skin may avoid it due to irritation.

Polyester/Nylon: These synthetic fabrics are quick-drying, durable, and commonly used for pants and shirts. While they perform well in outdoor conditions, some find synthetics feel clammy or may develop odor more quickly than natural fabrics.

Silk: Silk is a lightweight, moisture-wicking option but moves moisture off the skin more slowly than synthetics, making it better for moderate cool-weather activities. "Treated" silk has been modified to improve its wicking ability. It offers a soft, luxurious feel but can be prone to odor and is vulnerable to abrasion and sunlight.

Cotton: Often advised against by experienced hikers, cotton does not wick moisture well, takes a long time to dry, and is a poor insulator when wet. It's fine for lounging, but for active pursuits, especially as base layers or socks, it's better to opt for wool or synthetic fabrics.

Base Layers

Base layers play a crucial role in managing moisture and maintaining warmth by keeping a layer of air close to your body. Choose wicking fabrics like polyester or ultra-fine merino wool to keep your skin dry, helping you stay warm and comfortable. Wool often feels cozier than synthetic fabrics, which is especially nice in colder temperatures.

Underwear: For backpacking, underwear preferences vary widely. Some prefer boxer length or boy-short cuts, while others prefer nylon-spandex mesh undies, and some backpackers forgo underwear altogether. If you wear them, ensure they are breathable and not tight, avoiding cotton because it absorbs moisture and takes a long time to dry. This can cause discomfort, chafing, and even yeast infections. A good rule is to bring two to three pairs and rinse them as needed.

Bras: Choose a pullover sports bra with no clasps to avoid discomfort under your pack straps. Avoid metal or plastic parts that may dig into your skin. You might also want to pack an extra bra or a lightweight camisole for when your bra is drying.

Tank Top/Camisole: This versatile piece serves multiple purposes: it provides core warmth, acts as a lighter alternative to a T-shirt, and doubles as a sleep top on warm nights. They can be made from silk, fine wool, or synthetic fabrics.

Base Layer Top and Bottoms: Also known as long underwear, these are essential for cool- or cold-weather backpacking. Available in different weights, you can choose between crew necks or zip-necks, with the latter offering easy venting options. Bottoms are multifunctional: you can wear them while hiking under rain pants on chilly or windy days, use them to stay comfortable in camp, and save a clean pair for sleeping.

Shirts, Pants, and Shorts

Packing the right shirts and pants for backpacking ensures you’ll stay comfortable, functional, and protected in various weather conditions. Here’s how to plan:

T-Shirts

• Opt for wool or synthetic fabrics that wick moisture effectively.
• Bring two T-shirts: one for hiking and another to keep clean for sleeping.

Long-Sleeve Shirt

Choose fabrics based on your environment:

• For sunny areas like the Southwest, a UPF 50+ shirt with an extendable collar offers excellent sun protection.
• For bug-heavy regions like Northeastern forests, look for a shirt with insect repellent treatment to guard against ticks, mosquitoes, and flies.

Convertible Pants

Convertible pants work well for creek crossings and hot weather.

• Zip-off styles offer versatility but can be tricky to reattach, and zippers might cause discomfort.
• Roll-up pants are easier to adjust and often come with button tabs.
• Cinched pants provide a customizable fit for different weather and activities.

Yoga Pants/Tights

• Comfortable for camp lounging and light hiking.
• Be cautious if your route involves scrambling or dense brush, as yoga pants are less durable than nylon hiking pants and offer limited protection against mosquitoes.

Hiking Skirt, Dress, or Skort

• Many hiking skirts and dresses are stretchy, and skorts include a built-in liner.
• For colder weather, pair an insulated hiking skirt with yoga tights for added warmth.

Ultralight Shorts

• Ideal for hot weather, running shorts with a built-in brief are versatile.
• Use them for hiking, swimming, or as a backup while washing and drying your pants.

Mid Layers

Mid layers are essential for providing warmth. It’s recommended to pack two layers, typically a fleece top and an insulated puffy jacket, but adjust for the conditions of your trip.

Fleece Top

• Versatility: Wear it while hiking, sleeping, or as a pillow.
• Features: A lightweight fleece with a quarter zip (and no pockets to save weight) is a solid choice.
• Utility: Great for layering over a base layer on chilly days or as an extra layer in camp.

Puffy Insulated Jacket or Vest

• Options:

• A substantial down jacket for colder conditions or snow.
• A lighter synthetic or down jacket for milder temperatures.
• A down vest for minimal weight and moderate insulation.

• Compressibility: Look for styles that pack down compactly.

Soft Shell Jacket

• Benefits: Water-resistant, wind-blocking, and lightly insulated.
• Limitations: Not waterproof or as compressible as other layers. You’ll still need a rain jacket for storms.

Rain Jackets and Pants

Rain gear is essential to stay dry and protect against hypothermia.

Key Features:

• Waterproof and breathable materials ensure comfort while hiking.
• Jackets should include:

• Pack-compatible pockets.
• Adjustable hood for visibility.

• Pants should have:

• Full-length side zippers for easy removal over boots.
• Elastic or adjustable waistbands for comfort.

Tip: On dry but windy days, rainwear can double as windbreakers or mosquito-proof layers.

Accessories

Socks

• Use a wool/synthetic blend for cushioning and moisture management.
• For boots: Layer thin liner socks under heavier socks.
• For trail runners: Lightweight socks are preferable.
  Sock Care Tip: Air out your feet and socks during breaks and change into clean socks for sleeping.

Hats

• Sun Hat: Wide-brimmed or with a sun cape for hot climates.
• Warm Hat: Wool or synthetic, doubles as a sleeping hat.

Gloves

• For warmth: Lightly insulated gloves with moisture resistance.
• For sun protection: UPF-rated gloves, full- or half-fingered, for UV-heavy areas.

Other Accessories

• Bandana or neck gaiter: Use for sun protection, sweat management, or warmth.

Sleepwear

Reserve a clean set of clothes exclusively for sleeping:

• Lightweight tee and bottoms.
• Clean socks stored inside your sleeping bag to keep them fresh.

Tip: Store sleepwear separately from dirty hiking clothes to avoid odors.

How to Clean Clothes While Backpacking

• Rinsing: Dunk clothes in a river or scrub on stones to remove grime.
• Washing: Use a portable sink or pot, carry water 100 yards away from the source, and wash with biodegradable soap.
• Drying:

• Roll wet items in a camp towel to remove excess water.
• Use sunlight or body heat (inside your sleeping bag) to finish drying damp clothes.

With these strategies, you can maintain comfort and cleanliness throughout your trip.